??????????

???????????? ???????? ?????
???????? ????? ?????????? ?????
???????	Cultural: I, II, III, IV
?????	356
??????????????	1985 (9th ???)

??????????
*?stanbul*
??????????; ?stanbul
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	?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????
	??????????Location of Istanbul on the Bosphorus Strait, Turkey
	?????????: ??°??′ ????? ??°??′ ?????? / ???.???° ????? ??.???° ?????
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?????????	Istanbul Portal

百度对联横批狗年大吉;;国运齐天家业兴旺;四季平安;团结长治久安;平安是福;大有作为家庭和睦;万民欢腾;太平盛世

?????????? (??????: ?stanbul; ?????^?) ?????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????-?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???, ?????? ???????????, ?????????, ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ????^[?] ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????^[?]

???????????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? (?????: Βυζ?ντιον, Byzantion) ???? ?????????? ???????^[?] ??? ????????????, ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ??? (?????: Ν?α ??μη, Nea Rhomē; ???????: Nova Roma) ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? (????????????????) ?????? ?????^[?] ???? ????????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ? ?????? ?????? ????, ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???? ????

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??????????? ? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ???, ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??-?????????^[??] ????? ???????? ? ????????? ????????? ???-????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? (????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????), ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???, ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????

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??????

?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ??? ????????????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????????? (?????: Βυζ?ντιον, Byzántion)? ????????????? ??????? ???, ?????? ?????????????? ?????? (????? ?????? ? ???? ?????????? ?????) ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????^[??] ?????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??, ????????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????^[??] ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????????, ???? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???, ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? "??????????" ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? "?????????" ???? ????? ??? ???? "????? ????" ??? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? "??? ?????" ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? '???????? ????'?

????? ???????

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?????????? ???????? ?????????? (???????? ????)? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????
?????? ????????? ?????????? (????? ????)

?????????

↑ ??????? ??????: <ref> ????? ??? ???; instanbul2 ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
↑ "Province Population"? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)^{[??????????? ???????? ?????]}
↑ "TURKSTAT Corporate"? data.tuik.gov.tr? ???????? ????? ????-??-???{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ "List of largest cities"? Wikipedia (?????? ??????)? ????-??-???{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Herrin, Judith (????-??-??)? Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire (?????? ??????)? Princeton University Press? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ ^? ^? "Istanbul | History, Population, Map, & Facts | Britannica"? www.britannica.com (?????? ??????)? ???????? ????? ????-??-???{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ ?elik, Zeynep (????)? The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century? ?University of California Press? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Gábor ágoston, Bruce Masters (????)? Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire? Infobase Publishing? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ "Overnight visitors to top city destinations worldwide 2018"? Statista (?????? ??????)? ???????? ????? ????-??-???{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Heper, Metin (????)? Historical Dictionary of Turkey? Rowman & Littlefield Publishers? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ ??????? ??????: <ref> ????? ??? ???; hisdic ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
↑ OECD Territorial Reviews: Istanbul, Turkey? The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development? ????? ????? ???????? ???-??-??-?????-?? {{?? ???????}}: |????= ??????? ??? ?????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ "Top city destinations by overnight visitors"? Statista (?????? ??????)? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ "Istanbul"? britannica.com? Encyclop?dia Britannica?
↑ Mango, Cyril (????)? "Constantinople"? Kazhdan, Alexander (???????)? The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium? Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press? ??. ???–???? ???????? ?-??-??????-??{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Masters ? ágoston 2009, ??. 114–15
↑ "?????????? ???? ????????? – DW – 29.03.2018"? dw.com? ???????? ????? ????-??-???{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ "Istanbul"? Encyclopedia Britannica (?????? ??????)? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ ??????? ??????: <ref> ????? ??? ???; Population of Turkey ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
↑ Adrian, Room (????)? Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites (2nd ed.)? McFarland, Incorporated? ??. ???? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Georgacas, Demetrius John? The Names of Constantinople". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association?

↑ "December 2013 address-based calculation of the Turkish Statistical Institute as presented by citypopulation.de"?

[instanbul2-1] ??????? ??????: <ref> ????? ??? ???; instanbul2 ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????

[istanbul1-2] "Province Population"? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)^{[??????????? ???????? ?????]}

[3] "TURKSTAT Corporate"? data.tuik.gov.tr? ???????? ????? ????-??-???{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[4] "List of largest cities"? Wikipedia (?????? ??????)? ????-??-???{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[5] Herrin, Judith (????-??-??)? Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire (?????? ??????)? Princeton University Press? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[:0-6] ? ^? "Istanbul | History, Population, Map, & Facts | Britannica"? www.britannica.com (?????? ??????)? ???????? ????? ????-??-???{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[7] ?elik, Zeynep (????)? The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century? ?University of California Press? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[8] Gábor ágoston, Bruce Masters (????)? Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire? Infobase Publishing? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[9] "Overnight visitors to top city destinations worldwide 2018"? Statista (?????? ??????)? ???????? ????? ????-??-???{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[10] Heper, Metin (????)? Historical Dictionary of Turkey? Rowman & Littlefield Publishers? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[hisdic-11] ??????? ??????: <ref> ????? ??? ???; hisdic ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????

[oecd-12] OECD Territorial Reviews: Istanbul, Turkey? The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development? ????? ????? ???????? ???-??-??-?????-?? {{?? ???????}}: |????= ??????? ??? ?????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[statista.com-13] "Top city destinations by overnight visitors"? Statista (?????? ??????)? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[Britannica-Istanbul-14] "Istanbul"? britannica.com? Encyclop?dia Britannica?

[ODB-15] Mango, Cyril (????)? "Constantinople"? Kazhdan, Alexander (???????)? The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium? Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press? ??. ???–???? ???????? ?-??-??????-??{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[maag1145-16] Masters ? ágoston 2009, ??. 114–15

[17] "?????????? ???? ????????? – DW – 29.03.2018"? dw.com? ???????? ????? ????-??-???{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[enbrit-18] "Istanbul"? Encyclopedia Britannica (?????? ??????)? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[Population_of_Turkey-19] ??????? ??????: <ref> ????? ??? ???; Population of Turkey ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????

[20] Adrian, Room (????)? Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites (2nd ed.)? McFarland, Incorporated? ??. ???? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[21] Georgacas, Demetrius John? The Names of Constantinople". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association?

[22] "December 2013 address-based calculation of the Turkish Statistical Institute as presented by citypopulation.de"?

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?????? (??)	?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????
????? (?)	??????? ?????
????? ??????? (?)	??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????????
?????? ??????? (?)	???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????
?????????: ????? ??????? ????????: ???? ????? ?????? (World Urbanization Prospects : 2018 revision), ??????? (????)

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