?????? ?????

百度　　为切实做好新航季的空管保障工作，华北空管局制订了完备的换季保障方案，通过早部署、早准备、早实施、早落实，确保换季后空管运行平稳有序。

?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ???????? ? ??? ???????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????????, ????????? ?????, ?????? ????????, ????????? ? ???????? ???????^[?]^[?] ?????? ??????? ?????? ???, ??????, ?????????, ?????, ???????, ???, ??????, ????????, ??????, ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????, ????????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ? ???????? ????? ???? ??????^[?]

?????? ??????? ?????? ???, ??? ? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????-??????????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????????? ??????^[?] ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????: ??????? ?????? ????? (???????) ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? (??? ??????) ? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????–????? ??????? ?????? ????? (????? ??? ????? ???????) ??? ?????????-????????????? ?????? ????? (????????? ??? ?????????????)?

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?????? ??????

???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? (??????, ????????????? ?????) ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????? ???, ??? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??????-??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? (??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ???) ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?

????????????, ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????; ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????? ? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????, ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????????

???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????,^[?] ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????? ^[?] "??????????? ????????????????? ??????" ?? "?????? ?????????? ?????" ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????, ???? ????? ??? ???????? "?????? ??????? ?????(metro service area)", "?????? ????? (metro area)" ?? "????? (MSA)" ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????, ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???, ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????

??????? ? ?????

???????? ???????

???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??? (???????, LUZ) ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? "???????? ??? ?????" ?? "??????? ?????? ??????? (functional urban region)" ???????^[?]

????????

??????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ? ????? ????????, ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????

?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????

?????? ???????

??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???, ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???????, ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???,??? ???????? ???????

???????

????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????, ???????? (INSEE) ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? (???????? ??????: "????? ??????"^[?],??? ?????) ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????????? ???????? ???-??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????, ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????????(?????? ?????) ?????? ??????? ????

??????????

?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? "travel to work area (??????? ?? ??????? ??????)" ?? "????????? ????? ????? " ????? ???? ????? ?? "???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??% ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??% ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? "? ^[??]

??????

??????, ?????????? ?????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????^[??] ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???? ????, ?????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????

????? ? ?????? ???????

??????

"??????????????? ??????" ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? (?????) ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???,??? ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????, ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????????? ??? ???, ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ^[??]

???????

???????? ?????? ??????? "?????? ?????" ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???, ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???, ???? ????????? ????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????, ????????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ???, ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ???

??????? ????????????

?? ?? ???????????, ???? ???????, ??????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ???????????? ??????? ????? (?????) ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ^[??] ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? "Core-Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs)" ?? ???????-??????? ?????????? ?????"^[??] ??? ??? ?? "Combined Statistical Areas (CSAs)" ?? "???????? ?????????? ?????" ? ???????^[??] ????? ???????-??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? (?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ????)^[??] ??? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ('μ???'???? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ????) ?????? ??? ??????? ^[??] ??? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? (????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ????) ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????-??????? ?????????? ????? ???????

???? ?? ???????????? ??????? ????? (?????), "???????-??????? ?????????? ????? (???????)"?? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? "???????" ?? "???????? ???????" ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??,??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????( OMB) ??????? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????-??????? ?????????? ??????? (???????) ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??,??? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????-??????????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????

?????? ? ????????

????????????

???????????? ?????????? ??????, "??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? (GCCSAs,?????????)" ????? ????? ??????? ??? "???????????? ??????? ???????"? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? "?????????? ????? (Statistical Divisions)"?? ??????????? ?????? ^[??]

???

???? ????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ???????? (关于培育发展现代化都市圈的指导意见) ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????, "???????????"(城市群, ??? ?????) ??? "?????? ?????" (都市圈) ?? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ??, ??? ????? ?????? ??????? "???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? (?)???????????(-????) ?? (?)??????????(-????) ?????? ???????? ?? ????????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?-????? ?????? ??????? (??? ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ? ????? ???? ????) ??? ?????? ???????? " ^[??]

?????

??????, ???? ?????? ????? (都市圏) ??? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? "?????????? ????? ? ??????? ?????????????" ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????

??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????

?????????? ???? ( 中心市 )
- ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????
- ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ????, ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????

?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????

???????????? ?????? ( 周辺市町村, ???????????? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ?????)
- ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?.?%?

??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????

??????

??????? "??????" ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????, ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????^[??] ????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????????? "????????? ?????? ?????" ??????? ^[??]

????????

??????—??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????

???? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? "???? ?????? ?????"?? ?????? ? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ???????????, ???? ??? ??? ????? ? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????, ??????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????, "Other Urban Area (OUA)" ?? "???????? ????? ?????" ?????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? "Statistical Metropolitan Area (SMA)" ?? "???????????? ?????? ?????" ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????, ????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???????? "????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????", "????? ?????????? ?????? ?????" ??? "??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????" ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????, ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? "???????? ????? ?????" ?? OUA ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? (????????? ?????) ??????????? ??? ???????^[??]

????

?????? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ????????:^[??]

"?????? ?????" ?????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? [??? ??-??] ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????, ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????????????;

????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? (??????), ?????? ?????? ????? (??????) ? ?????? ?????? ????? (?????) ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????, ????????, ??????????? ? ???????? ????? ????????

??? ?????

?????????

↑ Loibl, Wolfgang; Etminan, Ghazal; Gebetsroither-Geringer, Ernst; Neumann, Hans-Martin; Sanchez-Guzman, Santiago (????)? "Characteristics of Urban Agglomerations in Different Continents: History, Patterns, Dynamics, Drivers and Trends"? Urban Agglomeration? ?????:10.5772/intechopen.73524? ???????? ???-???-??-????-?? {{?? ???????}}: ????? ??????????? |?????????-??????= ??????? ??? ?????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Squires, G. Ed. Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, & Policy Responses. (The urban Institute Press (2002)
↑ Mark, M.; Katz, B; Rahman, S.; Warren, D. (????)? "MetroPolicy: Shaping A New Federal Partnership for a Metropolitan Nation" (PDF)? Brookings Institution? ??. ?–????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ "Definition of Urban Terms" (PDF)? demographia.com? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Prof. Dr. Iris Reuther (FG Stadt- und Regionalplanung, Universit?t Kassel): Presentation "Regiopole Rostock". 11 December 2008, retrieved 13 June 2009 (pdf).
↑ "Metropolitan and Micropolitan"? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ "Whitehouse.gov"? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????-??-???{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ "Urbanaudit.org"? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ "INSEE – Definitions and Methods – aire urbaine"? INSEE France? ???????? ????? ????-??-???{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Beginners' guide to UK geography - Travel to Work Areas (TTWAs) Office for National Statistics
↑ "Geografin i statistiken – regionala indelningar i Sverigelanguage=sv" (PDF)? Statistics Sweden?
↑ "Census metropolitan area (CMA) and census agglomeration (CA)"? Statistics Canada? ????-??-??? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????-??-???{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ "OMB Bulletin No. 13-01: Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas" (PDF)? United States Office of Management and Budget? ??????????? ??, ????? ????? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ???? (PDF) ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?, ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ ??????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ???????????? ??????? ????? (?????), "???????-??????? ?????????? ????? (???????)"?? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? "???????" ?? "???????? ???????" ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??,??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????
↑ The United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB) defines a Combined Statistical Area (CSA) as an aggregate of adjacent Core Based Statistical Areas that are linked by commuting ties.
↑ The United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB) defines a Metropolitan Statistical Area (μSA) as a Core Based Statistical Area having at least one urban cluster of at least 50,000 population, plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic integration with the core as measured by commuting ties.
↑ The United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB) defines a Micropolitan Statistical Area (μSA) as a Core Based Statistical Area having at least one urban cluster of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000 population, plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic integration with the core as measured by commuting ties.
↑ "Greater Capital City Statistical Areas" (PDF)? Australian Bureau of Statistics? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? (PDF) ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ "关于培育发展现代化都市圈的指导意见(发改)规划〔2019〕328号)" (Chinese (China) ??????)? 国家发展改革委? ????-??-???{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ "Türk Dil Kurumu, Yabanc? S?zlere Kar??l?klar K?lavuzu, "metropol""? tdkterim.gov.tr? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey
↑ "CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS AND METHODOLOGIES"? Population & Housing Census-2011 [????????? ? ???????-????] (PDF) (Report)? ?????? ????????? (?????? ??????)? ???? ????? ?: Urban Area Rport, ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??. ??? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? (PDF) ??????????? ???????? ????? ????-??-???{{????????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ ?????? ??????? (????), ??? ?? ???????? ?????

?????????

"The World's Cities in 2016" (PDF)? United Nations? ??????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) "The World's Cities in 2016" (PDF)? United Nations? ??????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) "The World's Cities in 2016" (PDF)? United Nations? ??????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) (??????? 1 ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???)
??????????.?????, ????? ???????? ???? ??????
??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ( ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????)
???????.??????.??, ( ??????? ????????? ???????? - ?????? ?????-?????????? - ???) ?? ????????? ?????????? ???????)
Geopolis : ?????? ?????, ???????-??????? ??????????????, ??????? - ??????? ???????

[1] Loibl, Wolfgang; Etminan, Ghazal; Gebetsroither-Geringer, Ernst; Neumann, Hans-Martin; Sanchez-Guzman, Santiago (????)? "Characteristics of Urban Agglomerations in Different Continents: History, Patterns, Dynamics, Drivers and Trends"? Urban Agglomeration? ?????:10.5772/intechopen.73524? ???????? ???-???-??-????-?? {{?? ???????}}: ????? ??????????? |?????????-??????= ??????? ??? ?????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[2] Squires, G. Ed. Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, & Policy Responses. (The urban Institute Press (2002)

[3] Mark, M.; Katz, B; Rahman, S.; Warren, D. (????)? "MetroPolicy: Shaping A New Federal Partnership for a Metropolitan Nation" (PDF)? Brookings Institution? ??. ?–????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[4] "Definition of Urban Terms" (PDF)? demographia.com? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[5] Prof. Dr. Iris Reuther (FG Stadt- und Regionalplanung, Universit?t Kassel): Presentation "Regiopole Rostock". 11 December 2008, retrieved 13 June 2009 (pdf).

[6] "Metropolitan and Micropolitan"? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[7] "Whitehouse.gov"? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????-??-???{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[8] "Urbanaudit.org"? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[9] "INSEE – Definitions and Methods – aire urbaine"? INSEE France? ???????? ????? ????-??-???{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[10] Beginners' guide to UK geography - Travel to Work Areas (TTWAs) Office for National Statistics

[11] "Geografin i statistiken – regionala indelningar i Sverigelanguage=sv" (PDF)? Statistics Sweden?

[12] "Census metropolitan area (CMA) and census agglomeration (CA)"? Statistics Canada? ????-??-??? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????-??-???{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[OMB_13-01-13] "OMB Bulletin No. 13-01: Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas" (PDF)? United States Office of Management and Budget? ??????????? ??, ????? ????? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ???? (PDF) ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?, ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[CBSA-14] ??????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ???????????? ??????? ????? (?????), "???????-??????? ?????????? ????? (???????)"?? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? "???????" ?? "???????? ???????" ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??,??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????

[CSA-15] The United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB) defines a Combined Statistical Area (CSA) as an aggregate of adjacent Core Based Statistical Areas that are linked by commuting ties.

[MSA-16] The United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB) defines a Metropolitan Statistical Area (μSA) as a Core Based Statistical Area having at least one urban cluster of at least 50,000 population, plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic integration with the core as measured by commuting ties.

[μSA-17] The United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB) defines a Micropolitan Statistical Area (μSA) as a Core Based Statistical Area having at least one urban cluster of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000 population, plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic integration with the core as measured by commuting ties.

[18] "Greater Capital City Statistical Areas" (PDF)? Australian Bureau of Statistics? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? (PDF) ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[19] "关于培育发展现代化都市圈的指导意见(发改)规划〔2019〕328号)" (Chinese (China) ??????)? 国家发展改革委? ????-??-???{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[20] "Türk Dil Kurumu, Yabanc? S?zlere Kar??l?klar K?lavuzu, "metropol""? tdkterim.gov.tr? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[21] Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey

[CONCEPTS,_DEFINITIONS_AND_METHODOLOGIES-22] "CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS AND METHODOLOGIES"? Population & Housing Census-2011 [????????? ? ???????-????] (PDF) (Report)? ?????? ????????? (?????? ??????)? ???? ????? ?: Urban Area Rport, ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??. ??? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? (PDF) ??????????? ???????? ????? ????-??-???{{????????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[23] ?????? ??????? (????), ??? ?? ???????? ?????

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