招商银行被曝员工离职难 不给年终奖也不给转正
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| ??????? | da??i? |
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| ?????? | ??????, ??????, ??????, ????????, ????????, ???????, ????????, ??????, ????????[?] |
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| ?????????? ?????? | ??????????? ??????? ??????? |
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| ????? ???-? | ??????? ??????:prs – Dari, Afghan Persianaiq – ??????haz – ???????? |
| ???????? | dari1249 (Dari)[?]aima1241 (Aimaq)[?]haza1239 (Hazaragi)[?] |
| ??????????????? | 58-AAC-ce (Dari) + 58-AAC-cdo & cdp (Hazaragi) + 58-AAC-ck (Aimaq) |
| ??????? | fa-AF |
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[????????]???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???:
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- ? /i/ ??? ? /u/ ????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ? [e] ??? ? [o] ?????? ??????? ???, ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????
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- ???????? ?????? ? (?-) ????????? ? [e] ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? [?] ?????? ???????? ????
- ?????? ????????? ? [a] ??? ? [e] ???? ????? ?????? ????, ???????? ? [e] ???? [?]-?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????
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[????????]?????, ???? ? ????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ? ??????? ?????????? ????????????, ?????? ???????? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????
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[????????]
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[????????]- ↑ ????????? Dari, Afghan Persian (???? ???????, ????)
????????? ?????? (???? ???????, ????)
????????? ???????? (???? ???????, ????) - ↑ ? ? ? ? ? ?
"CIA – The World Factbook, "Afghanistan", Updated on 8 July 2010"? Cia.gov? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ ? ?
"Afghanistan v. Languages"? Ch. M. Kieffer? Encyclop?dia Iranica, online ed.? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????
Persian (2) is one of the most spoken languages in Afghanistan. The native tongue of twenty five percent of the population ...
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ ? ? ? "Dari"? UCLA International Institute: Center for World Languages? University of California, Los Angeles? ? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ "Iranica, "Afghanistan: v.Languages", Table 11"? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ ??????????????, ???????; ??????, ??????; ????????????, ???????, ????????? (????)? "Dari"? ???????? ?.? (?????? ??????)? ????, ????????: ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????
{{?? ???????}}: ????? ???????????|?????????-??????=??????? ??? ?????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ ??????????????, ???????; ??????, ??????; ????????????, ???????, ????????? (????)? "Aimaq"? ???????? ?.? (?????? ??????)? ????, ????????: ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????
{{?? ???????}}: ????? ???????????|?????????-??????=??????? ??? ?????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ ??????????????, ???????; ??????, ??????; ????????????, ???????, ????????? (????)? "Hazaragi"? ???????? ?.? (?????? ??????)? ????, ????????: ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????
{{?? ???????}}: ????? ???????????|?????????-??????=??????? ??? ?????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ ? ? ? ? Lazard, G. "Darī – The New Persian Literary Language", in Encyclop?dia Iranica, Online Edition 2006.
- ↑ Afghanistan Digital Library
- ↑ "Declassified Airgram Department of State May 1964 Farsi-Dahri(sic) to be official language"? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ ? ? "Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: prs"? SIL International? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Dari Or Farsi? Afghanistan's Long-Simmering Language Dispute, Radio Free Europe, November 7, 2017
- ↑
"The Afghans – Language Use"? United States: Center for Applied Linguistics (CAL)? ?? ??? ????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Lazard, Gilbert 1975, “The Rise of the New Persian Language”
- ↑ in Frye, R. N., The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4, pp. 595–632, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Frye, R. N., "Darī", The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Brill Publications, CD version
- ↑ "DARī – Encyclopaedia Iranica"?
- ↑ ""Parsi-Dari" Ethnologue"? Ethnologue.org? ?? ??????????? ????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ ""Dari, Zoroastrian" Ethnologue"? Ethnologue.org? ?? ??????????? ????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑
"Farsi, the most widely spoken Persian Language, a Farsi Dictionary, Farsi English Dictionary, The spoken language in Iran, History of Farsi Language, Learn Farsi, Farsi Translation"? Farsinet.com? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑
"Persian alphabet, pronunciation and language"? Omniglot.com? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑
UCLA, Language Materials Projects? "Persian Language"? Iranchamber.com? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑
Thomas Hyde (????)? Veterum Persarum et Parthorum et Medorum Religionis Historia? E Typographeo Clarendoniano? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ John Richardson, London, 1777 pg. 15
- ↑
John Richardson (????)? Sir Charles Wilkins, David Hopkins (???????)? A vocabulary, Persian, Arabic, and English: abridged from the quarto edition of Richardson's dictionary? Printed for F. and C. Rivingson? ??. ???? ???????? ????? ? ????? ?????
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑
"?????"? Ganjoor (Persian ??????)? Ganjoor? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ???????? ???? (?????) ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑
Jafri, Sardar (?????????–??????????? ????)? "Hafiz Shirazi (1312-1387-89)"? Social Scientist? ?? (1/2)? Social Scientist: ??–??? ?????:10.2307/3518055? ??????? 3518055?
{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Abbadullah Farooqi (????)? "THE IMPACT OF KHAWAJA HAFIZ ON IQBAL'S THOUGHT"? Iqbal? Government of Pakistan? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑
Kirill Nourzhanov; Christian Bleuer (? ??????? ????)? Tajikistan: A Political and Social History? ANU E Press? ??. ??–? ???????? ???-?-??????-??-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑
Kirill Nourzhanov; Christian Bleuer (? ??????? ????)? Tajikistan: A Political and Social History? ANU E Press? ??. ??–? ???????? ???-?-??????-??-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑
Ira M. Lapidus (?? ????? ????)? A History of Islamic Societies? Cambridge University Press? ??. ???–? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑
Ira M. Lapidus (?? ??????? ????)? Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History? Cambridge University Press? ??. ???–? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑
Ira M. Lapidus (?? ??????? ????)? Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History? Cambridge University Press? ??. ???–? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑
Paul Bergne (?? ??? ????)? The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic? I.B.Tauris? ??. ?–? ???????? ???-?-?????-???-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑
Paul Bergne (?? ??? ????)? The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic? I.B.Tauris? ??. ?–? ???????? ???-?-?????-???-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑
Josef W. Meri; Jere L. Bacharach (????)? Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index? Taylor & Francis? ??. ???–? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑
Sigfried J. de Laet; Joachim Herrmann (? ????????? ????)? History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.? UNESCO? ??. ???–? ???????? ???-??-?-??????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑
"AFGHANISTAN v. Languages"? Ch. M. Kieffer? Encyclop?dia Iranica, online ed.? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????
Persian (2) is the language most spoken in Afghanistan. The native tongue of twenty five percent of the population ...
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑
"Languages of Afghanistan"? SIL International? Ethnologue: Languages of the World? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑
"Dari language"? Encyclop?dia Britannica Online? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ?????
{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑
"Dari language, alphabet and pronunciation"? Omniglot.com? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑
Bennett, Clinton; Ramsey, Charles M. (????-??-??)? South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Sigfried J. de Laet. History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century UNESCO, 1994. ???????? ?????????? p 734
- ↑
Zellem, Edward. (????)? "Zarbul Masalha: 151 Afghan Dari Proverbs"? Charleston: CreateSpace?
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑
Zellem, Edward. (????)? "Afghan Proverbs Illustrated"? Charleston: CreateSpace?
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ A. Pisowicz, Origins of the New and Middle Persian phonological systems (Cracow 1985), p. 112-114, 117.
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[????????]- ???????, ?????? (????)? "???? - ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????????"? ???????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ? (?????? ???????)? ??? ??????: ?????????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??. ??–??? ???????? ????? ????-??-???
{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Phillott, Douglas Craven (????)? Higher Persian grammar for the use of the Calcutta University, showing differences between Afgan and modern Persian; with notes on rhetoric? Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press?
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Sakaria, S. (1967) Concise English – Afghan Dari Dictionary, Ferozsons, Kabul, OCLC 600815
- Farhadi, A. G. R.('Abd-ul-Ghafur Farhadi)(Abd-ul-ghaf?r Farhadi) (1955) Le Persan Parlé en Afghanistan: Grammaire du Kaboli Accompagné d'un Recueil de Quatrains Populaires de la Région de Kabol, Centre national de la recherche scientifique or Librairie C. Klincksieck, Paris.
- Farhadi, Rawan A. G. (1975) The Spoken Dari of Afghanistan: A Grammar of Kaboli Dari (Persian) Compared to the Literary Language, Peace Corps, Kabul, OCLC 24699677
- Zellem, Edward. 2015. "Zarbul Masalha: 151 Afghan Dari Proverbs, 3rd edition"? Charleston: CreateSpace?
- Zellem, Edward. 2012. "Afghan Proverbs Illustrated"? Charleston: CreateSpace?
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{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
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